{"id":4118,"date":"2022-11-22T11:44:26","date_gmt":"2022-11-22T06:14:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/darululoom-deoband.com\/arabicarticles\/?p=4118"},"modified":"2022-11-22T11:44:28","modified_gmt":"2022-11-22T06:14:28","slug":"%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%b0%d8%a9-%d8%b4%d9%8a%d8%ae-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%ad%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a3%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/darululoom-deoband.com\/arabicarticles\/archives\/4118","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0630\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u2013 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u2013 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629: \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0645"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u00bb:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u00bb \u0639\u0627\u0645 1913\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u00ab\u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0641\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u062b\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0647 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u0649 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u00ab\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u00bb \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647: \u00ab\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0647\u064a \u00ab\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u00ab\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u00ab\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u00ab\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u00bb \u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f\u062a\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u00ab\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u00bb \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0644\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u00bb(2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f\u00bb \u0639\u0627\u0645 1925\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621\u00bb \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u061b \u0641\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062b \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0643\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1929\u0645 \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0631\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0637\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629: \u00ab\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0635\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627\u00bb(3).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u00ab\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a (\u062a1857\u0645) \u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 (\u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0629) \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644: \u00ab\u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1332\u0647\u0640 \/1914\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0646 -\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645- \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0644\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0623\u062c\u0632\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643… \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u064a\u062e \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646..\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b\u064a\u0646.. \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0634\u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629\u00bb(10).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u00ab\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0631\u00bb-\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631- \u0648 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u00ab\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u00bb\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u00ab\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633\u00bb \u0641\u064a 4\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a(11).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2- <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a <\/strong>(1306-1385 \u0647\u0640\/ 1889-1965 \u0645)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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       \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1342 \u0647\u0640\/1924\u0645 \u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u00ab\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633\u00bb \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u00ab\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u00bb\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631\u00bb\u060c \u0641\u0623\u062e\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062e\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 17\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0629 1349\u0647\u0640\/5 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u06481931\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u00ab\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u00bb \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0650\u064a\u0631 \u00ab\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633\u00bb \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u00bb \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627(14).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1939 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u00bb \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u00ab\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u00bb \u0628\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u00ab\u0622\u0641\u0644\u0648\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a- \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629- \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1943\u0645\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1945\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1947\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0631\u00bb \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a \u00ab\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u00bb \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u00ab\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u00bb. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u00ab\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627- \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629- \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0627\u0626\u0631-\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a- \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0645\u00bb. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0631\u00bb: \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0634\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u060c \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0642\u0631\u062a \u0639\u064a\u0646\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0641\u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u00ab\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062d\u064f\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u061b \u0641\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1964\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647: \u00ab\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629\u00bb(15).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631\u00bb \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644: \u00ab\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0648 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0630\u0648\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0648 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u00ab\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0643\u0627\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0648 \u00ab\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u00bb\u060c \u0648 \u00ab\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u00bb – \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629-\u060c \u0648 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0644\u00bb\u060c \u0648 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u00ab\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u00bb \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb(16).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u063320\/\u0645\u0627\u064a\u06481965\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u062c\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: \u00ab\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u00bb(17).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3- <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a<\/strong> (1300- 1369\u0647\u0640\/ 1182-1949\u0645)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641. \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0639\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0631. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u2013\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647-\u062f\u0645\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0638 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062f\u062f \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0647\u060c \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0640\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0626 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0638 \u0628\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0641\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0644\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1335\u0647\u0640.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0635\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u062b\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0634\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1364\u0647\u0640 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u062a\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u062e\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u2013 \u0631\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u2013 \u0641\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u061b \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u060c\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0647. \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646. \u0648\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1340\u0647\u0640.     <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628.\u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1348\u0647\u0640 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629\u00bb \u0648\u0645\u0643\u062b \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a.\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0632\u0643\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0632\u0646\u062c\u064a- \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647- \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1355\u0647\u0640 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u2013 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 -\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u060c \u064a\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0640\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0632\u062f\u062d\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u062f\u0631\u0651\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f\u0647 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0633 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0630\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0648\u063a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0634\u063a\u0648\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0639 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 1050 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637. \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0643\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0622\u0630\u0646\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0621 11\/\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629(18).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4- <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a<\/strong> (1311- 1370\u0647\u0640\/1893- 1950\u0645)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0638 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064f\u0644\u0650\u062f\u064e \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u064e\u0651\u0631\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0650\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064e\u0651\u064a\u0652\u062e \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064e\u0651\u064a\u0652\u062e \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064e\u0651\u064a\u0652\u062e \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0632\u0646\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064e\u0651\u064a\u0652\u062e \u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u064f\u064a\u0651\u0646\u064e \u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u064e\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0639\u064f\u064a\u0651\u0646\u064e \u0645\u064f\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0650\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064e\u0651\u064a\u0652\u062e \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062e\u064a\u060c \u062b\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0651 \u0639\u064f\u064a\u0651\u0646\u064e \u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u00ab\u062c\u062f\u0629\u00bb \u0641\u064a 2\/3\/1347\u0647\u0640\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062b\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0651 \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u064e\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u064f\u064a\u0651\u0646\u064e \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u064e\u0651\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064e\u0651\u064a\u0652\u062e \u0632\u0643\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0632\u0646\u062c\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1355\u0647\u0640\u060c \u062b\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0651 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062d\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062b\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0651 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064e\u0651\u064a\u0652\u062e \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u062d\u0645 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1364\u0647\u0640\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062d\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a – \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647- \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0633\u0643\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629(19).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*  *  *<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1)        \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2)        \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 1\/148 http:\/\/www.ahlalhdeeth.com .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(3)        \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(4)        \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0648\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0635 164.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(5)        \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u06461\/148 http:\/\/www.ahlalhdeeth.com \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(6)        \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u06461\/148 http:\/\/www.ahlalhdeeth.com \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(7)        \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(8)        \u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f \u00ab\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633\u00bb 1\/12.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(9)        \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u06461\/148 http:\/\/www.ahlalhdeeth.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(10)      \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639: \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635 31\u061b \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u062e  \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647- \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(11)      \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0632\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639: \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u064a\u0647\u0636\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0635 28\u060c\u0637: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u064a\u0647\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u061b \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0637: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633: \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0637:\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 1979\u0645\u061b \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u062f. \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u06453\/289\u061b \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0643\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u06465\/105\u061b \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0632\u0643\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629  3\/1039\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629[1211].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(12)      \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u06315\/276.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(13)      \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0635807\u060c \u0637:\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(14)      \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 1\/268.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(15)      \u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(16)      \u0646\u0648\u064a\u0647\u0636\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u063513\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u064a\u0647\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(17)      \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0632\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639: \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062f\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 http:\/\/www.ahlalhdeeth.com\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0635802.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(18)      \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647: \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0635 56\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0637\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(19)      \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647: \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u061b \u0632\u0627\u062d\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u063579.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0645 \u2013 \u0635\u0641\u0631  1438 \u0647\u0640 = \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u2013 \u0646\u0648 \u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2016\u0645 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f : 1-2 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 : 41<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 :    \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a        \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 (1296-1377\u0647\u0640\/1879-1957\u0645) \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[28,29,30,46],"tags":[519],"class_list":["post-4118","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-28","category-29","category-30","category-46","tag-----1438---"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/darululoom-deoband.com\/arabicarticles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4118","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/darululoom-deoband.com\/arabicarticles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/darululoom-deoband.com\/arabicarticles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/darululoom-deoband.com\/arabicarticles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/darululoom-deoband.com\/arabicarticles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4118"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/darululoom-deoband.com\/arabicarticles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4118\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4119,"href":"https:\/\/darululoom-deoband.com\/arabicarticles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4118\/revisions\/4119"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/darululoom-deoband.com\/arabicarticles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4118"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/darululoom-deoband.com\/arabicarticles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4118"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/darululoom-deoband.com\/arabicarticles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4118"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}