{"id":331,"date":"2022-06-12T09:42:22","date_gmt":"2022-06-12T04:12:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/darululoom-deoband.com\/arabicarticles\/?p=331"},"modified":"2022-06-12T09:42:25","modified_gmt":"2022-06-12T04:12:25","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a3%d8%ab%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b6%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-2-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/darululoom-deoband.com\/arabicarticles\/archives\/331","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 (2\/4)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

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       \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0629 : \u0631\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629(1)<\/sup> \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0645 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0643\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u060c \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0630\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u063a\u0627\u0644 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4 – \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0646 :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a(\u062a 1050\u0645) \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u064a(2)<\/sup> \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647 : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0634\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0635\u062d \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u061b \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a) \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 255\u0647\u0640 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 560\u0647\u0640 . \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0646 . \u0648\u0644\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0646\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 : \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a \u060c \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0643\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u061b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062c\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0633 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0637\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a . \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u061b \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0637\u0639\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0629) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 . \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0646\u0648\u062a (\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629) \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629(3)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5 – \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u2013 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0636\u0629 . \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636 . \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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       \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0643\u0649 (\u062a 1362\u0645) \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 : (…. \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0643\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0623\u062a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0646\u062b \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0647\u0645\u0627(9)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6-  \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 . \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645 (\u062a 1029\u0645) \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a (\u062a 1048\u0645) \u0641\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u060c \u0627\u0630 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0635\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644: \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u061f \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062e\u0637 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f . \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u062a \u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0638\u0646 \u2013 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u2013 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u00bb (10)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0631\u0633\u062a\u0631 Frederick Risner \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1572\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0643\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u00bb (11)<\/sup> \u0648\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0644\u0648+ (1207\u0645) Witelo \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 + 1292\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0646\u0634\u0649 + 1519\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0631+1630\u0645 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u0629 . \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u060c \u0648\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u062e\u0627\u0648 \u060c \u00ab\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u00bb . \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u2013 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u00ab\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629\u00bb \u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 . \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0644\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 . \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0646\u063a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 . \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u062c\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0633\u062a Grosseteste (1175-1253\u0645) \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0644\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0631\u0648\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b(12)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7-  \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0628\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u060c \u0648\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u060c \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0646\u062f \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0633 \u060c \u0648\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0637\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627(13)<\/sup> \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0623\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 750 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1450\u0645(14)<\/sup> . \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0627\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646(15)<\/sup> \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u0638 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631(16)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u062d(17)<\/sup> \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f(18)<\/sup> \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628\u00bb \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u060c \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642(19)<\/sup> \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0626 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062e\u064a (\u062a 272\u0647\u0640 \/ 886\u0645) \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8 – \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a . \u0641\u0630\u0627\u0639\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0628\u063a\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 . \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0649 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u00ab\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629\u00bb \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u00ab\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 \u060c \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0645\u064a\u00bb \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 976\u0645 \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a (\u062a 387\u0647\u0640\/997\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u00ab\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u00bb \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u060c \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0647\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0648\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u00ab\u0623\u064a\u0631\u00bb \u00ab\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u00ab\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u00bb .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631) \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 (\u0644\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0621) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0645 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0644\u0643\u062a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643 \u0636\u0631\u0646\u0649<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0647 \u0635\u0641\u0631(20)<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629(21)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*  *  *<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634 :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n