{"id":2840,"date":"2022-09-08T09:57:55","date_gmt":"2022-09-08T04:27:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/darululoom-deoband.com\/arabicarticles\/?p=2840"},"modified":"2022-09-11T16:14:57","modified_gmt":"2022-09-11T10:44:57","slug":"%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%af-%d9%88-%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%84%d9%87%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%82%d8%a9-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/darululoom-deoband.com\/arabicarticles\/archives\/2840","title":{"rendered":"\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 10)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

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\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0623\u0641\u064e\u0644\u064e \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633 4\/\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1257\u0647\u0640\/1880\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a  49\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u064f\u0631\u0650\u0651\u064a \u062c\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\/\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f. \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064d\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0635\u0635 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u00bb. \u0648 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0640\u064f\u062d\u0635\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062a\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u064c \u0645\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u064a (1249- 1302\u0647\u0640\/1833- 1884\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0630\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a (000-1322\u0647\u0640\/000- 1904\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a (000- 1325\u0647\u0640 000-1907\u0645). \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u0633\u0646\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0630\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(000-1322\u0647\u0640\/000-1904\u0645):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 (1268-1339\u0647\u0640\/1851-1920\u0645)\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0647\u0644\u064a\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u064a (\u062a 1267\u0647\u0640\/1851\u0645)\u060c \u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0640\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u00bb\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0634\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645. \u0644\u0647 \u064a\u062f \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0644\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0644\u0647 \u00ab\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 – \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u00ab\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0626\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u00ab\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u00bb – \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 -\u060c \u0648\u00ab\u0639\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0629\u00bb \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643. \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629  \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0630\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 – \u0645\u0627 \u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0631. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0644\u062f \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647: \u00ab\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0629\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648 \u00ab\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0645 1307\u0647\u0640\/1889\u0645 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u00ab\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f\u00bb \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 – \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a (JOSEPH-GARCIN DE TASSY HELIODORE)(5): \u00ab\u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u00ab\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0647\u0644\u064a\u00bb\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u00bb \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064e\u0651\u062f \u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u2013 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 – \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u00bb \u0639\u0627\u0645 1857\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0631 (joseph henry taylor)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647: \u00ab\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a  \u0630\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u00ab\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u00bb \u0639\u0627\u0645 1852\u0645(6).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f\u00bb. \u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u00ab\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f\u00bb. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1322\u0647\u0640\/1904\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a 85\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0628\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u064a (\u062a 1312\u0647\u0640 \/1894\u0645). \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u064c \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062c \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u0628\u062e\u0633\u067e \u0622\u0633\u0648\u062f\u06c1 \u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06ba  \u062e\u0648\u06cc\u0634<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0632\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0628\u062a \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0633\u062a\u06c1 \u062e\u0648<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0623\u064a: \u0623\u062c\u0644\u060c \u0642\u0631\u0631\u062a\u064e \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0648\u064a\u0643: \u00ab\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u00bb – \u00ab\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u00bb\u060c \u0648 \u00ab\u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646\u00bb \u0623\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628(7).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(000-1325\u0647\u0640\/000-1907\u0645):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0645\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0647\u0644\u064a\u00bb\u061b \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u00ab\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f\u00bb\u060c \u0638\u0644\u064e\u0651 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u064c \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f\u00bb \u0639\u0627\u0645 1301\u0647\u0640\/1883\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062d\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u00ab\u0642\u0635\u06c1 \u063a\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u00bb (1301\u0647\u0640\/1883\u0645). \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629\u064d \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u00ab\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f\u00bb \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0643\u064c \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635. \u0648\u062a\u0636\u064f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f\u00bb – \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u00ab\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u00bb\u060c \u0648 \u00ab\u0628\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0631\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u00ab\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u00bb. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1857\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u00ab\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u00bb. \u0641\u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u00ab\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u00bb \u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1325\u0647\u0640\/ 1907\u0645 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0641 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062e\u0637\u0626 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a – \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 – (1275-1347\u0647\u0640\/ 1858- 1928\u0645.)(8) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a – \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b (\u062a 1348\u0647\u0640\/ 1929\u0645)(9)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0634\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a – \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b (\u062a1369\u0647\u0640\/1989\u0645)-(10). \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u064a \u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (1319\u0647\u0640\/ 1984\u0645) – \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u00ab\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0646\u00bb \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u062f\u0647\u0644\u064a\u00bb(11). \u0648\u0638\u0644\u064e\u0651 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u0630\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0630\u0648 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0638\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e(12).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0647\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1244- 1323 \u0647\u0640\/1829- 1905\u0645) :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0639\u062b\u0631\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u064a\u062e \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1285\u0647\u0640(13)\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0628\u0632\u0648\u063a \u0641\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u064a\u064f\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0648\u0639\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0647\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a 6\/\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1242\u0647\u0640\/1826\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0643\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0647\u00bb(14). \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647. \u0623\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0634\u0627\u0647 \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f\u064a(15) \u0628\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0624\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0643\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0644\u00bb(16)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064e\u0651\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1261\u0647\u0640 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u062f\u0647\u0644\u064a\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u064a – \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647 \u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0647- \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0634\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u062f\u0647\u0644\u064a\u00bb \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u0632\u0631\u062f\u0647 (1204- 1285\u0647\u0640\/1789-1868\u0645)(17). \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f\u064a – \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 – (1235- 1296\u0647\u0640\/1819-1878\u0645)\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 (1233-1317\u0647\u0640\/1817-1899\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646. \u0648 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 ( 1249-1302\u0647\u0640\/ 1833-1884\u0645)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647: \u00ab\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064e\u0646\u064e \u0637\u0644\u0628\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064e \u0637\u0644\u0628\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0626\u0630\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0643\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0643\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u064f\u0637\u0649\u064b \u062d\u062b\u064a\u062b\u0629\u064b\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0629\u064d \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629\u064d \u0644\u0627\u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647 \u00ab\u0643\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0647\u00bb \u0641\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a(18) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0647\u064a(19) – \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u062e\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0641\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0647\u064a\u064f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064e \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u064a\u064e\u0651 – \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1297\u0647\u0640 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u00ab\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f\u00bb. \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647: \u062a\u0630\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0635\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u064e\u0628\u0650\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064e \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u00bb \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1314\u0647\u0640. \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 14 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645 8 \u0623\u0648 9- \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 – \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1323\u0647\u0640\/1905\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a 78 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b(22).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0632\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u062f\u064d \u0648\u0639\u062f\u064d. \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0632\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639: \u00ab\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f\u00bb \u0644\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647: \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*  *  *<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1)        \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0638\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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(4)        \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0637) \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0645\u062c\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0628\u0640 \u00ab\u0646\u0632\u0647\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u00bb \u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0639\u062a\u0647. \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0647 \u0638\u0641\u0631. \u0648 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0644\u0627\u064a\u062d\u0635\u0649. \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u062f\u0647\u0644\u064a\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u00bb \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1857\u0645. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u062d\u062c\u064e\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u064a \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1284\u0647\u0640\/1868\u0645 \u0641\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u064a \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c \u0641\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u062f\u0647\u0644\u064a\u00bb \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u00ab\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u00bb \u0639\u0627\u0645 1286\u0647\u0640 \/1869\u0645 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0648 \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u064a \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1304\u0647\u0640\/1886\u0645 \u0641\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0628\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u00ab\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0632\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u00bb – \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u064a \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u064e\u0634\u064e\u0631\u064e – \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 – \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0632\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u00ab\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u00bb \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u00bb.(\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0648\u064a)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(5)        \u062c\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a (JOSEPH \u2013 HELIODORE GARCIN DE TASSY) (1794 \u2013 1878\u0645): \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u00bb. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647. \u062b\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u00bb 1817\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u00ab\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0641\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u00bb. \u0648 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0644\u0647 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1828\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0634\u063a\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a. \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a 1838\u0645. \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0651\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647: \u00ab\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0628\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u00ab\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u00ab\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u00ab\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u00bb \u0648 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639: \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(6)        \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639: \u062c\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b\u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0648\u064a \u063527.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(7)        \u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u062f\u062d \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646  \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0630\u0644\u064a              \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0639\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u063a\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0632\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639: \u0646\u0632\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0637\u06312\/2954\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629\u061b \u0648http:\/\/ar. wikipedia. org\/ wiki\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(8)        \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a (1275-1347\u0647\u0640\/1858- 1928\u0645): \u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0651\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 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(9)        \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0628\u0643 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(10)      \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0628\u0643 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(11)      \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0628\u0643 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(12)      \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0628\u0643 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(13)      \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0635\u064f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1285\u0647\u0640 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a: \u00ab\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c\u0632\u064f \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629\u064e \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 3\/\u0645\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1285\u0647\u0640\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a 58\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0627 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645. \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064f \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0650 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629: \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0645 – \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 – \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0631\u064f\u0651 – \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 – \u0645\u062f\u0629\u064c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0647. \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0647: \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0647\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(14)      \u00ab\u0643\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0647\u00bb (Gangoh): \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u00ab\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u0646\u064f\u0633\u0650\u0628\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u00ab\u0643\u0646\u0643\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u063133 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0648 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0647\u064a (\u062a 945\u0647\u0640\/1538\u0645) – \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0634\u062a\u064a\u0629 – \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u064a\u062a\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0644\u062f \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(15)      \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0644\u0648\u064a (1156- 1239\u0647\u0640\/1743-1824\u0645): \u0633\u064a\u062e \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0647\u0644\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0631\u0623\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \ufdfa \u064a\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u00ab\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u00bb \u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641. \u0623\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629\u064b: \u00ab\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u064a\u00bb \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629.- \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0632\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u00ab\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646\u00bb – .\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0634\u0628\u0646\u062f\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u00ab\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a \u0648 \u0623\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631\u00bb \u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639: \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0633\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0635 461 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631: \u0633\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u0644\u064a\u061b \u0648 http:\/\/ar. wikipedia. org\/ wiki\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(16)      \u0643\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0644: (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/a>:Karnal)\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f<\/a> \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u00bb (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/a>: Haryana)\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u00ab\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0644\u00bb\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 2001 \u0645 \u0647\u0648 1\u060c274\u060c843\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 2\u060c471 \u0643\u0645 http:\/\/ar. wikipedia. org\/ wiki\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(17)      \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u0632\u0631\u062f\u0647 (1204-1285\u0647\u0640 = 1789- 1868\u0645): \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u00ab\u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631\u00bb \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u00ab\u062f\u0647\u0644\u064a\u00bb\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649. \u0646\u0635\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u062f\u0647\u0644\u0649\u00bb \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u064a. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647. \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0634\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064d \u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647. \u0644\u0647  \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0647 \u00ab\u0622\u0632\u0631\u062f\u0647\u00bb. \u0648\u0628\u064e\u0639\u064e\u062b\u064e \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062f\u0647\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u00ab\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621\u00bb \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064d\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0641\u062e \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u062d\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0641\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a 24\/\u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 1285\u0647\u0640. (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0648\u064a) \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: \u0646\u0632\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0637\u06312\/2382.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(18)      \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0647\u064a (\u062a945\u0647\u0640\/1538\u0645) \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0627\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0633 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a – \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0632\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u064b.(\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0648\u064a)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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*  *  *<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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(*)<\/a>      \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629   Email: almubarakpuri@gmail.com<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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